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Depression

Treatable, common, and not a weakness.

Depression is a mood disorder characterised by persistent low mood, loss of interest, and functional impairment lasting at least two weeks. Most people improve with therapy, medication, or both — and early treatment has the best outcome.

Book a consultationSee a Psychiatrist

Causes & risk factors

  • Genetic vulnerability
  • Major life stressors and grief
  • Chronic illness (diabetes, heart disease, pain)
  • Hormonal transitions (postpartum, perimenopause)
  • Substance use
  • Certain medications

Symptoms

  • Persistent sadness or emptiness
  • Loss of interest or pleasure
  • Sleep changes (too much or too little)
  • Appetite and weight changes
  • Fatigue, slowed thinking
  • Feelings of worthlessness or guilt
  • Thoughts of death or suicide — seek help immediately

How it's diagnosed

  • Clinical interview (PHQ-9 is a common tool)
  • Rule out medical mimics: thyroid, anaemia, vitamin D
  • Assess safety and risk carefully

Evidence-based treatment

  • Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)
  • Interpersonal therapy
  • SSRIs (sertraline, escitalopram) first-line
  • SNRIs, bupropion, or mirtazapine for specific profiles
  • Exercise — comparable to medication for mild depression
  • Light therapy for seasonal pattern

Who treats this?

Psychiatrist

Mental health support, your schedule.

General Physician

Your first call for everyday health issues.

Related symptoms

AnxietyFatigue

Depression — related reading

Mental Health

Sadness vs depression: how to tell the difference

Learn how to distinguish everyday sadness from clinical depression, with clear signs and when to get help.

4 min read

Depression — FAQ

Will I need antidepressants forever?

Most people stay on treatment 6-12 months after feeling well. Recurrent depression may need longer-term maintenance, decided individually with your psychiatrist.

Is online therapy as effective?

Meta-analyses show video CBT matches in-person for depression and anxiety — with the bonus of no travel and better adherence.

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This page is general information, not medical advice for any specific person. For diagnosis and treatment, book a consultation.